There are many issues, perspectives, values and traditions which divide central and local government. One of the most encouraging trends is a strong signal that we are moving beyond the forced stereotypes – Local Area Agreements, recent policy announcements on police and social care, and the successful implementation of the new licensing arrangements are all indicators of productive partnerships, rather than strained mutual blame.

Despite all this, the fact remains that England is probably the most centralised state in the Western world, in terms of its governance and accountability. Most European and North American democracies would be incredulous that debates about education, local transport systems, health and policing are national issues. Important governance arrangements in these countries are based on identifiable localities in which people know personally who is responsible for their services.